BREEDING
- Brook, F., D. Chow, T. Lam, and J. P. Schroeder. 1991. Ultrasound
Imaging of the Male Reproductive Tract of the Pacific Bottlenosed
Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and its Significance in Breeding
Management. Abstract in British Journal of Radiology, 64:654.
- New findings of a longitudinal study of dolphin testis size
correlated with serum testosterone levels and a description of
anatomical features visualized by ultrasona- graphy are presented.
- Hill, H., and W. G. Gilmartin. 1977. Collection and Storage of Semen
from Dolphins. In: Breeding Dolphins: Present Status. Suggestions for
the Future, eds. S. H. Ridgway and K. Benirschke. A report to the
Marine Mammal Commission. Nat'l. Tech. Info. Serv. PB-273 673. pp.
205-210.
- Discusses relevant considerations and provides details of
techniques used.
- Hui, C. A. 1977. Growth and Physical Indices of Maturity in the
Common Dolphin (Del- phinus delphis). In: Breeding Dolphins: Present
Status. Suggestions for the Future, eds. S. H. Ridgway and K.
Benirschke. A report to the Marine Mammal Commis- sion. Nat'l. Tech.
Info. Serv. PB-273 673. pp. 231-260.
- Describes growth patterns (as known) in delphinids and discusses
the various physi- cal features that provide indication of age or
sexual maturity. A "Robustness Quo- tient" appears to provide a good
indicator for female sexual maturity, while a "Flip- per Index"
(derived from radiographs showing a degree of epiphyseal fusion)
provides an estimate of gonad development in males.
- Judd, H. L., and S. H. Ridgway. 1977. Twenty-four Hour Patterns of
Circulating Andro- gens and Cortisol in Male Dolphins. In: Breeding
Dolphins: Present Status. Suggestians for the Future, eds. S. H.
Ridgway and K. Benirschke. A report to the Marine Mam- mal Commission.
Nat'l. Tech. Info. Serv. PB-273 673. pp. 269-277.
- Ultradian and diurnal fluctuations of circulating testosterone
were not found in two male Tursiops sampled every 20 minutes for 24
hours.
- Keller, K. V. 1987. Training Atlantic Bottlenosed Dolphins
(Tursiops truncatus) for Artifi- cial Insemination. Proceeding ofthe
Intl. Mar. Animals Trainers Asso. Conf., Vancouver B. C., Canada,
27-31 Oct. 1986, pp. 22-24.
- Describes the training of behaviors supporting research in breeding
bottlenosed dol-
phins in captivity.
67
- Kirby, V. L., and S. H. Ridgway. 2984. Hormonal Evidence for
Spontaneous Ovulation of Captive Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus and
Delphinus delphis). Rep. Int. Whal. Comm. (Special Issue 6):459-464.
- It was concluded that captive females of both species can exhibit
spontaneous ovula- tion; can be anestrous for at least a I-year
period; and can be polyestrous, with an observed maximum of 3
cycles/year for Tursiops and 7 cycles/year for DelpAinus.
- Leatherwood, J. S. 1977. Some Preliminary Impressions on the
Numbers and Social Behavior of Free-swimming Bottlenosed Dolphin
Calves (Tursiops truncatus) in the Northem Gulf of Mexico. In:
Breeding Dolphins: Present Status. Suggestions far the Future, eds.
S. H. Ridgway and K. Benirschke. A report to the Marine Mammal
Commission. Nat'l. Tech. Info. Serv. PB-273 673. pp. 143-167.
- Data from aerial observations on numbers of calves observed with
respect to (1) positions within herds of subgroups containing calves,
(2) positions of calves within subgroups, (3) interactions between
calves and other animals in the herd, and (4) changes in the behavior
of calves with age. Apparent patterns were seen. Rele- vant
observations from other field and captive studies are discussed.
- Ridgway, S. H., and R. F. Green. 1967. Evidence for a Sexual Rhythm in
Male Porpoises. Norwegian Whaling Gazette, no. 1, pp. 1-8.
- Describes seasonal changes in the reproductive organs of two
species of porpoises.
- Ridgway, S. H., K. S. Norris, and L. H. Cornell. 1989. Some
Considerations for those Wishing to Propagate Platanistoid Dolphins.
In: Biology and Canservation of River Dolphins, pp. 159-167, eds. W.
F. Perrin, R. L. Brownell, Jr., K. Zhou, and J. Liu, IUCN Species
Survival Commission Occasional Paper No. 3.
- Considers aspects of successful breeding programs with other dolphins
(particularly Tursiops) and recommends approaches that might be
relevant to propagation of endangered river dolphins.
- Schroeder, J. P., and K. V. Keller. 1989. Seasonality of Serum
Testosterone Levels and Sperm Density in Tursiops truncatus. Jour.
Exper. Zool: 249:316-321.
- Blood and semen were collected at regular intervals over 28 months.
Maximum sperm count and density and minimum serum testosterone levels
coincided with the period of peak breeding activity.
- Schroeder, J. P., and K. V. Keller. 1990. Artificial Insemination of
Bottlenosed Dolphins. In: The Bottlenosed Dolphin, pp. 447-460, eds.
J. S. Leathenvood and R. R. Reeves, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
- The development of semen collection, cryopreservation, and
artificial insemination techniques for dolphins is reported.
68
- Schroeder, J. P. 2990. Breeding Bottienosed Dolphins in Captivity.
In: The Bottlenosed Dolphin, pp. 435-446, eds. J. S. Leatherwood and
R. R. Reeves, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.
- A review of the captive breeding program at NOSC is presented.
Reproductive physiology and the husbandry and management of a breeding
herd of captive Atlan- tic bottlenosed dolphins is discussed.
- Schroeder. J. P. 1990. Reproductive Aspects of Marine Mammals. In:
Handbook ofMarine Mammal Medicine: Health, Disease, and
Rehabilitation, pp. 353-369, ed. L. A. Dierauf, CRC Press, Cleveland,
OH.
- A review of the reproductive natural history, biology and physiology
of cetaceans and pinnipeds is presented including veterinary science
and medical techniques.
- Schroeder, J. P. 1991. Reproduction in Marine Mammals. In: Captive
Conservation of Endangered Species, eds. J. Demarest, B. Durrant, and
G. Gibbons, State University of New York Press, Albany, New York.
- A review of reproductive biology of marine mammals with special
emphasis on the applicability of new techniques to the most endangered
species, the baiji.
- Schroeder, J. P. 1991. Marine Mammal Reproduction. In: Zoo and
Wild Animal Medi- cine III, ed. M. Fowler, Saunders Press,
Philadelphia, PA.
- A discussion of current veterinary medical and surgical techniques
used in the care and management of captive marine mammals.
- Sweeney, J. C. 1977. Difficult Births and Neonatal Health Problems in
Small Cetaceans. In: Breeding Dolphins: Present Status. Suggestions
for the future, eds. S. H. Ridgway and K. Benirschke. A report to the
Marine Mammal Commission. Nat'l. Tech. Info. Serv. PB-273 673. pp.
278-287.
- Analysis of records of stillbirths, difficulties in labor (dystocias),
and neonatal health problems and mortalities, with conclusions and
recommendations.
- Sweeney, J. C. 1977. Diagnosis of Pregnancy in Small Cetaceans with
Doppler Sonog- raphy and Other Techniques. In: Breeding Dolphins:
Present Status. Suggestions for the Future, eds. S. H. Ridgway and K.
Benirschke. A report to the Marine Mammal Commission. Nat'l. Tech.
Info. Serv. PB-273 673. pp. 211-216.
- Discusses electronic devices and various techniques by which
pregnancy and fetal viability can be determined.
69
- Wood, F. G. 1977. Births of Porpoises at Marineland, Florida,
1939-1969, and Comments on Problems in Captive Breeding of Small
Cetacea. In: Breeding Dolphins: Present Status. Suggestions for the
Future, eds. S. H. Ridgway and K. Benirschke. A report to the Marine
Mammal Commission. Nat'l. Tech. Info. Serv. PB-273 673. pp. 47-60.
- Discusses behavioral factors, births to captive-born females, time
of year births occurred, stillbirths, and infant mortalities, with
relevant tables, including a listing of 40 births with dates, sex of
calf, name of dam, place of conception (ocean or tank), parturition
time, and additional details.
70
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