VAX/VMS systems may try the "Multinet" package from TGV, or IUPOP3, available for anonymous ftp from ftp.indiana.edu.
For VM/CMS users, there is a port of "popper" available for anonymous ftp from vmd.cso.uiuc.edu (cd to the "POPD" directory).
P.O. Box 1844
Santa Cruz, CA 95061-1844
Phone: (408) 423-5696
Fax: (408) 423-5699
The [shift] key is usually used to "constrain" things - to keep them from happening or make them happen in a limited way.
* [shift] + Opening Eudora stops Eudora from checking for mail at startup, even if you have a mail checking interval set.
* [shift] + Reply instructs Eudora to copy only the selected body text to the new message. This is sometimes easier than having Eudora copy it all and then deleting what you don't want.
* [shift] + To:, Cc:, or Bcc: in the Nicknames window does not bring the composition window to the front after inserting the name.
* [shift] + Check Mail instructs Eudora to check for mail and resets the checking interval (normally, checking mail manually doesn't affect when the next automatic check is done).
* [shift] + Print instructs the printer to print the selected text only.
The [option] key is usually used to make an operation to reverse option settings.
* [option] + Insert a nickname inserts the full nickname expansion in the specified field.
* [option] + finish a nickname inserts addresses instead of nickname.
* [option] + Queue or Send button brings up Change Queuing dialog.
* [option] + Save instructs Eudora that all open windows are to automatically reopen at the next startup.
* [option] + Reply toggles the "Reply to all" option in the Settings dialog. If the Reply to all option is turned on, Option + Reply generates a reply to the sender only. If the Reply to all option is turned off, Option + Reply generates a reply to all addresses in the message header.
* [option] + Transfer sends a copy of the current message to the selected mailbox and retains the original message in the original mailbox.
* [option] + Open a message shows all headers.
The [command] key is also sometimes used as a modifier.
* [command] + drop a document onto Eudora attaches the document to a message, even if the document is one Eudora could have opened.
* up/left arrow or [command] + up/left arrow takes you to the previous message.
* down/right arrow or [command] + down/right arrow takes you to the next message.
The [enter] key performs several different functions:
* It selects the outlined button in any dialog, alert, or window.
* It opens the selected message(s).
* It lets you begin or end editing the subject of a message.
The [esc] key (or [command] + .) stops any operation currently in progress.
If you have an extended keyboard, the following keys are also useful:
* [help] turns Balloon Help on or off.
* [F1] is Undo.
* [F2] is Cut.
* [F3] is Copy.
* [F4] is Paste.
* [del] deletes the character to the right of the insertion point.
* [home] scrolls the window to the beginning.
* [end] scrolls the window to the end.
* [page up], [page down] scrolls up or down through the window.
[command] + [A] Select all
[command] + [B] Move window behind another window
[command] + [C] Copy
[command] + [D] Delete message
[command] + [E] Queue an outgoing message
[command] + [F] Open Find window (search for message)
[command] + [G] Find again
[command] + [H] Attach document to outgoing message
[command] + [I] Open In mailbox
[command] + [K] Make nickname
[command] + [L] Open Nicknames window
[command] + [M] Check mail
[command] + [N] New message
[command] + [O] Open message
[command] + [P] Print message
[command] + [Q] Quit Eudora
[command] + [R] Reply to message
[command] + [S] Save message without sending
[command] + [T] Send queued messages
[command] + [U] Open Ph window
[command] + [V] Paste
[command] + [W] Close message
[command] + [X] Cut
[command] + [Z] Undo
Eudora mail transport overview
Why doesn't Eudora talk directly to your addressee's computer? For one thing, it would take a lot longer for your mail to leave your Macintosh, because your Macintosh would have to call up each addressee's computer and deliver your mail. For another, some computers are "hard to find;" it's much better to let another computer "hunt" for your addressee than to make your Macintosh do it. Finally, sometimes your addressee's computers won't be available when you want to send mail. The SMTP server handles this by holding your mail until the other computer is ready to accept it, eliminating the inconvenience of having unsent messages hanging around on your Macintosh.
Why doesn't Eudora use SMTP to receive your mail? SMTP works best when the computers it knows about are always ready for mail. Unless you wanted to run Eudora and your Macintosh 24 hours per day, seven days a week, SMTP wouldn't work very well for you. It also doesn't work well in lab environments, where you might use any number of different Macintoshes.
If you want to know more about SMTP, RFC 822, POP3 and MIME, the official standards are:
RFC 821, "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol," by Jonathan B. Postel
RFC 822, "Standard for the Format of Internet Text Messages," by Ned Freed and Nathaniel Borenstein
RFC 1225, "Post Office Protocol, Version 3," by Marshall Rose
RFC 1341, "Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions," by Dave Crocker
You can find the RFC's by anonymous ftp to nic.ddn.mil; see Internetworking with TCP/IP for details.
These instructions assume you are familiar with ResEdit, your communications equipment and your hosts. It is suggested that one person make these changes to Eudora and then redistribute the customized version to other users at your site.
1. Characters Eudora sends should NOT be echoed back to Eudora. Most systems do echo characters, so something special may need to be done to achieve this.
2. You must pay close attention to how carriage returns are treated. UNIX systems routinely translate carriage returns into linefeeds; you must either disable this on your system or teach Eudora how to deal with it.
Navigation is simple; Eudora uses a list of strings which it sends out the serial port one at a time. After each string, it waits until there is no output from the remote system for 2 seconds or until a given string is matched, after which Eudora continues with the next string.
There can be three sets of navigation strings contained in STR# resources: one is used when connecting (Navigate In); one is used when disconnecting (Navigate Out); and one is used when switching from SMTP to POP (Navigate Mid). You may use ResEdit to manipulate these resources. Any of the resources may be absent, in which case Eudora skips the navigation it would otherwise have done with that resource.
For each function, Eudora selects an appropriate resource in the following manner. First, it takes the name of the connection tool currently in use (e.g., "Apple Modem Tool"); then, it appends a space and the current type of navigation (e.g., "Navigate In"). Eudora looks for an STR# resource with that name (e.g., "Apple Modem Tool Navigate In"). If that is not found, Eudora looks for an STR# resource named after the navigation type (e.g., "Navigate In"). Finally, it looks for specific resource ids (2400 for Navigate In, 2600 for Navigate Out, and 4200 for Navigate Mid). The first STR# resource found is the only one used.
Navigation resources can be in the Eudora application itself, in your Eudora Settings file, or in a plug-in file. The latter is a file with type "rsrc" and creator "CSOm" placed in your Preferences folder; use of a plug-in file is highly recommended.
Plug-In files go in the Preferences folder.
\u POP account user name.
\h POP account host name.
\p POP account password.
\s SMTP server host name.
\U Dialin user name.
\P Dialin password.
\n A linefeed (ASCII 10).
\r A carriage return (ASCII 13).
\\ A single backslash character.
\D Delay.
\B Break.
\e Expect something.
\b - when this appears as the first character in a given a string, Eudora won't print the string in the Progress window when it is sent. This is useful for passwords or other state secrets.
\D - should be the first character in the string and followed by digits. The digits are taken as a number of seconds to delay (e.g., "\D2" is a two-second delay). As with other strings, Eudora will wait for output to stop for two seconds, or for an expect string, before proceeding.
\B - should be the first character in the string and followed by digits. The digits are taken as the number of ticks (60ths of a second) to send a break signal (e.g., "\B30" is a half-second break). As with other strings, Eudora waits for output to stop for two seconds, or for an expect string, before proceeding.
\e - makes Eudora expect to see a specific string in the output from the dialup server. Eudora sends whatever comes before the \e, and then waits for whatever comes after it to occur in the data sent from the host. There are two caveats to this. First, Eudora only matches on the first 7 bits; the high bit of each character is ignored for matching. This is needed for systems that use parity. Second, Eudora's matching is fast and sloppy; highly repetitive data streams and long expect strings might fool it (for example, Eudora wouldn't see "Login:" if your server said: "LogLogin:").
Eudora follows its normal time-out process when looking for an expect string. That is, after 45 seconds Eudora asks you if you want to keep waiting or cancel the process. If you cancel, the connection process is stopped.
If you use either of the password replacement sequences ("\p" for your POP account password or "\P" for your dialup password) in the same string as an expect, Eudora assumes the password is wrong if the expect string isn't found. This causes Eudora to ask for your password the next time it tries to connect.
telnet hostname portnumber /stream<return>
The "<return>" means a carriage return in this document only; you must type actual carriage returns in ResEdit. A template for the command is kept in 7400.13 ("7400.13" is shorthand for STR# resource id 7400, string 13). The template begins life as "telnet %p %d /stream\n". The %p is replaced with the hostname and the %d with the port number. It is acceptable to change this string however you please, except that %d, if it is used, must come after %p. The best way to change this string is not to modify it, but to override it. You can do this by creating an `STR ' resource of id 7413 and putting the string you want Eudora to use in that.
1. Install the srialpop program on your UNIX system. Source to this is part of the Eudora distribution.
2. Put the following strings in the "Navigate In" resource.
1: \r\r\r\egin:
2: \u\r\eword:
3: \p\r\r\r\e%
4: exec srialpop
3. Put one empty string in the "Navigate Mid" resource.
Resources for dialing directly into a UNIX machine.
That's it. Srialpop takes care of the terminal settings for you.
Note: A plug-in with these strings in it is part of the Eudora distribution. The file name is "Direct UNIX Navs."
A character is a basic unit of written language; a letter, number, punctuation mark (or in some languages, a whole word or phrase). Major modifications to a letter (for example, capitalization or the addition of an accent mark) make that letter a separate character unto itself. "A", "a", "à", and "á" are all different characters, as are "B", "0", ".", and so on.
A character code is a number that is used to represent a given character. Since computers really work only with numbers, character codes are required to allow computers to deal with letters, words, and even user manuals.
A character set is a group of characters and their character codes. For example, we might decide to base a character set on the English alphabet, and simply number the capital letters from 1 to 26:
A Simple Character Set
Now, if we wanted to spell "CAT", we'd use the numbers 3, 1, and 20.
The US-ASCII Character Set
Using US-ASCII, you can write "The cat sat on the mat.", using this sequence of numbers: 84, 104, 101, 32, 99, 97, 116, 32, 115, 97, 116, 32, 111, 110, 32, 116, 104, 101, 109, 97, 116, 46.
The US-ASCII character set is the one in widespread use on the Internet. Most Internet programs assume you are using it, and most Internet programs don't support any other. However, what if you want to write "André sat on the mat."? There is no character code in US-ASCII for "é"; so how do you tell the computer what you mean?
The Macintosh Character Set
As you can see, the Macintosh character set is much larger than US-ASCII. In fact, it's twice as large. The first half (character codes from 0 to 127) of the Macintosh character set is the same as US-ASCII. However, there are another 128 characters, with character codes from 128 to 255.
So, using the Macintosh character set, we can write "André sat on the mat.", because there is a character code for "é", 142.
In order to solve this sort of problem, some standard character sets have been agreed to. One popular character set is called "ISO Latin-1," or "ISO-8859-1."
The ISO Latin-1 Character Set
One computer can tell another "Let's use ISO Latin-1," and then both computers will know that the character code for "é" is 233 when they're talking to each other, even though one may usually use 142, and the other might usually use 237.
This problem is avoided by the use of "quoted-printable" encoding. To represent a character using quoted-printable encoding, your mailer converts the value of the character to two hexadecimal digits and preceed them with an equals sign. So, "é" becomes "=E9" while your mail is being sent. Your recipient's mailer then changes the "=E9" back into an "é" and:
<<Il est démontré, disait-il, que les choses ne peuvent être autrement;
car tout étant fait pour une fin, tout est nécessairement pour la
meillure fin.>> -- Voltaire, "Candide"
Quoted-printable encoding is a wonderful thing when it works. The problem is that not all mailers are as forward-thinking as Eudora, and they do not all support MIME. If your recipient doesn't have MIME, they may find the presence of quoted-printable encoding to be more objectionable than the mangling of a few special characters. They may wish they could get "André", but if they can't, they might rather have "Andri" than "Andr=E9".
Also, if quoted-printable encoding is used, it affects more than just international characters. Since "=" is used in the encoding, it must be encoded specially, and all the equals signs in your mail will be turned into "=3D" while your mail is sent. Moreover, mail encoded in quoted-printable must have lines no more than 76 characters long; lines longer than that will be split in two, and an equals sign placed at the end of the first line. All this damage gets repaired if the recipient has a MIME mailer, but if they don't, it can be quite unpleasant.
This process is controlled by "transliteration tables" ("tables" for short) which are stored as `taBL' resources. A table consists of 256 numbers. Tables are used by using the character code to be transliterated as an index into the table, and replacing it with the value found at that position in the table. For example, when transliterating an "é" from the Macintosh character set to ISO Latin-1, we look at place 142 in the table (142 is the Macintosh character code for "é"); there we find a 233 (the ISO Latin-1 character code for "é"), and so we replace 142 with 233.
Eudora comes with four `taBL' resources. Their resource id's and purposes are:
1001 ISO Latin-1 to Macintosh. This table is used to transliterate from character codes in ISO Latin-1 to character codes in the Macintosh character set.
1002 Macintosh to ISO Latin-1. This table is used to transliterate from the Macintosh character set to the ISO Latin-1 character set.
1003 Identity table. This table is provided as a reference for people who wish to write their own tables.
1004 Fix curly quotes table. This table is used by the Fix Curly Quotes switch, for people who would rather stick to US-ASCII where possible.
Installing the Eudora Tables document
Once Eudora Tables has been installed, launch Eudora. The "Priority" menus on incoming and outgoing mail now have some new choices. These choices allow you to control how your mail is transliterated.
Priority Menus with Transliteration Tables
To change the table that is used to display a message, select the table you want to use from the Priority popup menu. The message is redisplayed using that table, and that table is used to display the message from then on.
To change the table that is used to send the message, simply select the table you want to use from the Priority popup menu.
Note: If an incoming message uses MIME and Eudora knows the character set the message uses, the message is transliterated before it is stored, and a viewing table is not needed or used.
If you usually want to use a particular table for outgoing mail, hold down the [shift] key when selecting the table from the Priority popup menu for an outgoing message. The table title is outlined in the Priority popup menu to show that it is the default table, and from then on your messages are sent using that table, unless you specify otherwise.
To clear the default table, hold down the [shift] key and select the outlined table from the appropriate menu. The default then becomes no table.
Controlling transliteration in the Ph window
What you type is transliterated with the "Query Table," and the server's response is transliterated with the "Result Table."
10*7 (seven is the country code for Sweden) + 2000 + 1 (since the table is used for receiving mail), or 2071.
Part of an euTM Resource
The `euTM' resource is a list of resource id's and names. When Eudora is sending mail, it will subtract 1 from the table's resource id, then look for that resource id in all the `euTM' resources it can find. When it finds a matching id, the name corresponding to the id is used.
For example, a user choosing the Mac->se table would be using table id 2072. Eudora subtracts one, finds 2071 in the second position in the `euTM' resource, and sends the mail with a character set name of "SEN_850200_B."
When receiving mail, the process is reversed; the character set name is looked up, the resource id found, and that transliteration table used for the mail.
For your table, you should create an `euTM' resource, list the resource id of your table (only the odd id), and the name that should be used in mail for the character set.
Eudora does not come with UUCP. Three available Macintosh UUCP systems are "uupc 3.0" (dplatt@snulbug.mtview.ca.us), "gnuucp" (jim@fpr.com) and "UUCP/Connect" (formerly "uAccess," sales@intercon.com). "UUCP/Connect" is commercial; the other two are free ware. Eudora has been tested with all three packages; it works well with uupc 3.0 and UUCP/Connect, but it does not work very smoothly with gnuucp.
Personal Information settings for UUCP
Hosts settings for UUCP
mac - the UUCP name of your Macintosh.
spoolpath: - the full path name of the UUCP working directory.
user - your user name on your mac
0000 - a four-digit sequence number; will be incremented by Eudora.
U user mac
; identifies you (STR# id 8000, string 1)
F D.mac0####
; this file contains your message (8000,2)
I D.mac0####
; use your mail for input (8000,3)
C rmail recipient...
; all recipients of the mail are listed here (8000,4)
MIME provides a way around this restriction. It offers two encodings, "quoted-printable" and "base64." These encodings use US-ASCII character codes to represent any sort of data you like, including special characters or even non-text data.
"Quoted-printable" is used for data that is mostly text, but has special characters or very long lines. It's very simple. Quoted-printable looks just like regular text, except when a special character is used. The special character is replaced with an "=" and two more characters that represent the character code of the special character. So, a section mark ([[section]]) in quoted-printable looks like "=A8".
However, there are some other things that quoted-printable does. For one, since it uses an "=" to mean something special, equal signs must themselves be encoded (as "=3D"). Second, no line in quoted-printable is allowed to be more than 76 characters long. If your mail has a line longer than 76 characters, the quoted-printable encoding will break your line in two and put an "=" at the end of the first line, to signal to the mail reader at the other end that the two lines are really supposed to be all one line. Finally, a few mail systems either add or remove spaces from the ends of lines. So, in quoted-printable, any space at the end of a line gets encoded (as "=20"), to protect it from such mail systems.
Let's try an example. Here's a passage of text that you might type on your Macintosh:
<<Il est démontré, disait-il, que les choses ne peuvent être autrement; car tout étant fait pour une fin, tout est nécessairement pour la meillure fin.>>
Without any encoding, this might show up on your recipient's screen as:
+Il est dimontri, disait-il, que les choses ne peuvent btre autrement; car tout itant fait pour une fin, tout est nicessairement pour la meillure fin.;
This corruption happens because SMTP cannot handle the special characters. However, if you and your recipient both have MIME, quoted-printable encoding would be used, and your text would show up properly:
<<Il est démontré, disait-il, que les choses ne peuvent être autrement; car tout étant fait pour une fin, tout est nécessairement pour la meillure fin.>>
While your mail was actually in transit, however, it would have looked like:
=ABIl est d=E9montr=E9, disait-il, que les choses ne peuvent =EAtre =
autrement; car tout =E9tant fait pour une fin, tout est n=E9cessairement =
pour la meillure fin.=BB
Base64 encoding is another way to protect binary data from the SMTP mail system. However, Base64 makes no attempt to be legible, and is most appropriate for non-text data.
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1
A content-type header is divided into three parts; the content type, the content subtype, and the parameters. In this case, the content type is "text," meaning the message contains mostly legible text. The content subtype is "plain," which means there aren't any formatting commands or anything like that embedded in the text. Finally, "charset=iso-8859-1" is a parameter; in this case it identifies the character set the message uses.
The major content types are:
text legible text
image pictures and graphics
audio sound
video moving pictures
message messages or pieces of messages
multipart several different kinds of data in a single message
Turning Off Quoted-Printable Encoding
Eudora knows about some MIME types. However, since new MIME types are being defined all the time, it may be necessary to add to Eudora's knowledge from time to time. If you're familiar with ResEdit, this isn't too hard to do.
The way Eudora maps between MIME and Macintosh types is with EuIM and EuOM resources. EuOM resources are used for sending attachments, EuIM for receiving. They have the same basic structure.
EuOM and EuIM resources are lists of individual elements called "maps." Each map describes a Macintosh document type (or MIME data type) and then lists what MIME data type (or Macintosh document type) it corresponds to. For any given type, Eudora looks through all the maps in all the EuOM or EuIM resources, and uses the best match.
Note: EuOM and EuIM resources are also used when uuencoding and uudecoding files, so that filename suffixes can be mapped to and from Macintosh types. A good set of EuIM and EuOM resources can substantially improve document exchange with systems that use uuencode.
The other parts of the map are used to construct the MIME information. Content Type and Content Subtype are the MIME type and subtype to use for the document. Filename suffix allows you to tell Eudora to add a suffix to the filename, as an extra hint to the receiving system (for example, you might have Eudora add ".xls" to Excel files).
"Newline conversion?" tells Eudora whether or not to convert carriage returns in the file to carriage return, linefeed. Usually, you should set this to 1 for text data, but to 0 for binary files.
Finally, "May suppress resource fork?" is used in conjunction with Eudora's Always include Macintosh information. If you set this to 1, and Always As Documents is off, Eudora won't send Macintosh type and creator information with the file, and won't send the resource fork. Instead, it will just send the data fork with the MIME information attached to it.
An Example Map in an EuOM Resource
The map above says that all files of type "EPSF," no matter what the creator, should be sent as "application/postscript," that ".eps" should be added to the filename, that carriage returns should not be turned into carriage return/linefeed pairs, and that when the Always include Macintosh information is off, the resource fork won't be sent.
As with EuOM resources, you can leave parts blank. If you want to match all files with an ".eps" suffix, regardless of the MIME type or subtype, leave the type and subtype blank. If you don't care what the filename suffix is, leave that blank and match with the MIME type and/or subtype only. Again, as with EuOM resources, Eudora will choose the map that matches best.
With EuIM resources, it's sometimes a good idea to use several maps to catch all important cases. For example, it might be a good idea to have three maps for dealing with PostScript files, as follows:
Content Type: application
Content Subtype: postscript
Filename suffix:
Creator Code: mlpr
Type: TEXT
This map will catch most MIME PostScript files, and set their creator to MacLPR.
Content Type:
Content Subtype:
Filename suffix: .eps
Creator Code: dPro
Type: EPSF
This map will match any incoming file with a suffix of ".eps," regardless of the MIME type info, and set it's type to "EPSF" and creator to "dPro" (MacDraw Pro). But what if a file comes in with a suffix of ".eps" and a MIME type/subtype of "application/postscript"? Which map gets used? The first one gets used; when Eudora has a choice between matching a suffix and matching MIME type information, MIME wins. A third map may be in order:
Content Type: application
Content Subtype: postscript
Filename suffix: .eps
Creator Code: dPro
Type: EPSF
This makes application/postscript files with suffixes of ".eps" get type EPSF and creator dPro.